by Dr. Andrew D. Schmulow

Competition and Consumer Law Journal, Vol. 24, no. 3, 2016.

This article provides a statement and an analysis of South Africa’s statutory provisions aimed at curbing reckless lending, and preventing predatory lending, to financial consumers. The focus of the article is on the statutory mechanisms for combatting reckless and predatory lending, including a critique of the success or otherwise of the implementation of the relevant legislation. The article aims to provide a comparative analysis of what is, overall, an innovative and effective regime, the aim of which is to protect vulnerable financial consumers from reckless and predatory lending practices. As such, it is hoped, that the article will provide useful techniques for the protection of borrowers in other common law jurisdictions, such as Australia, Canada and the United States, or indeed wherever vulnerable consumers of finance are liable to be exploited.

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Also published in SSRN Journal.



by Dr. Andrew D. Schmulow

African Journal of International and Comparative Law, Vol. 25, no. 3, 2017, pp: 393-417.

This article examines the implementation of the Twin Peaks model of financial system regulation in South Africa, the purpose of which is to create a financial system stability regulator, and a financial system consumer protection and market conduct regulator. It examines the historical development of Twin Peaks and its regulatory enforcement principles. It then analyses the similarities and differences between Twin Peaks in Australia (upon which the South African reforms are based) and South Africa. Finally the article provides concluding observations.

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Also published in SSRN Journal and as a working paper in “University of Western Australia – Faculty of Law Research Paper Series“.



by Dr. Andrew D. Schmulow

Law and Financial Markets Review, Vol. 11, no. 4, 2018, pp: 163-173.

This article examines retail market regulatory reforms currently underway, as part of the implementation of a Twin Peaks regulatory model in South Africa. A brief account is provided of the history of these reforms, followed by an analysis of the normative goals put in place for a new market conduct and consumer protection regime; and the developmental needs that inform those goals. Thereafter the article explores the inter-relationship between the existing credit regulator and the soon to be established Financial Sector Conduct Authority. An analysis is then provided of accountability mechanisms, as well as failures exhibited by those mechanisms in the UK and Australia. Finally an argument is made for a “regulator for the regulators”, in order to address past regulatory failures.

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Also published in SSRN Journal and as a working paper in “University of Western Australia – Faculty of Law Research Paper Series“.



by Dr. Andrew D. Schmulow

International Review of Financial Consumers, Vol. 3, no. 1, 2018, pp: 1-14.

Australia is in the midst of a financial regulatory crisis. Evidence of malpractice, fraud, criminality, contempt for the law, and the abuse of consumers on an industrial scale, all while Australia’s Twin Peaks regulators looked on, has come as a shocking surprise. The implications stretch well beyond Australia: they are relevant wherever the Australian ’Twin Peaks’ model has been adopted or is under consideration. This article argues that the Twin Peaks model must be analysed from the perspective of regulatory design, as well as implementation. The design – the architecture of Twin Peaks – remains optimal. However the implementation – the plumbing – requires urgent reforms. Drawing on the work of notable international scholars, this article proposes a new accountability framework for the two, peak regulators, in order to enhance their efficacy. In the process of rescuing Twin Peaks from its current inadequate plumbing, consumers may expect to enjoy levels of protection commensurate with those of a developed economy possessed of rule of law.

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Also published in SSRN Journal.



by Dr. Andrew D. Schmulow, Dr. Karen Fairweather and Prof. John Tarrant

Law and Financial Markets Review, Vol. 12, no. 4, 2018, pp: 193-202.

In November 2017 the Federal government established a Royal Commission into Australia’s financial services industry that has become widely known as the Banking Royal Commission. The Commission has, during its hearings, and in its recent Interim Report, exposed serious misconduct and poor regulation in Australia’s financial services industry. The authors argue that the recommendation of the 2014 Financial System Inquiry that there be an Assessment Board to provide continuous oversight of the financial regulators, APRA and ASIC, is an effective solution to the regulatory failures exposed by the Banking Royal Commission. The benefits to Australia of the establishment of an Assessment Board are clear, and include enhanced accountability, improvements in the regulator’s culture, prevention of regulatory capture, and enhanced capacity to prevent financial crises. The introduction of an Assessment Board in Australia would serve as a timely and highly effective adjunct to the current Australian Twin Peaks financial regulatory architecture comprising APRA and ASIC.

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Also published in SSRN Journal.



by Dr. Andrew D. Schmulow, Tanya Ann Woker and Prof. Corlia van Heerden

Journal of Business Law, Vol. 2019, no. 2, 2018, pp: 122-139.

This paper provides an analysis of South Africa’s statutory provisions aimed at preventing reckless and predatory lending to consumers. The focus of the paper is on the statutory mechanisms for combatting such lending, including a critique of the success or otherwise of the legislation’s implementation. The paper aims to provide a comparative analysis of an innovative approach aimed at protecting vulnerable consumers. As such, it is hoped, that the paper will provide useful techniques for the protection of borrowers in other common law jurisdictions, or indeed wherever vulnerable consumers of finance are liable to be exploited.

Compatible with Endnote / RefWorks / Mendeley etc.

Also published in SSRN Journal.



by Dr. Andrew D. Schmulow, Dr. Karen Fairweather and Prof. John Tarrant

Federal Law Review, Vol. 47, no. 1, 2019, pp: 91-120.

Consumer financial protection and the integrity of the Australian financial system are critical to the Australian economy in many ways, including the provision of an effective banking system, and the security of Australia’s significant superannuation savings. This is especially the case in an environment where financial products have become more complex and difficult for consumers to understand. In recent years there have been several scandals in Australia’s financial sector that have undermined confidence in the financial system, and exposed regulatory failure. The authors argue that there needs to be a more effective oversight of the key regulators in the Australian financial system to maintain confidence in the system, and prevent capture of the regulators by the financial services industry. The authors contend that the recommendation of the Financial System Inquiry for the establishment of an Assessment Board to provide continuous oversight of the financial regulators is an effective solution to the poor regulatory outcomes encountered in Australia in recent years. The consequences of not having such oversight are likely to be more financial scandals, and further instability in the financial system. These deficiencies must be addressed as a matter of urgency.

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Also published in SSRN Journal.



by Dr. Andrew D. Schmulow

Journal of Banking and Finance Law and Practice, Vol. 26, no. 3, 2015, pp: 151-172.

This article provides a description of the four methods of financial system
regulation currently in use internationally, with case studies illustrating each system. Analysis is provided of the strengths and weaknesses of each. Research indicates that the “Twin Peaks” system is superior to its peers.
However, this article also concludes, by reference to failings observed in “Twin Peaks” arrangements to date, that “Twin Peaks” alone is no panacea against financial crises, or market and consumer abuse. It is merely the best form of regulatory architecture. Other factors, such as the capacity and willingness of the regulators to discharge their mandate, even within a sound regulatory architecture, are as important to the success of financial system regulation, as evidenced by the failures in the United Kingdom around the time of the global financial crisis, and as evidenced by the success of the Monetary Authority of Singapore, despite Singapore’s sub- optimal regulatory structure.

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Also published in SSRN Journal.